Single European Act

The Single European Act (SEA) was the first major revision of the 1957 Treaty of Rome. The Act set the European Community an objective of establishing a Single Market by 31 December 1992, and codified European Political Cooperation, the forerunner of the European Union's Common Foreign and Security Policy. It was signed at Luxembourg on 17 February 1986, and at The Hague on 28 February 1986. It came into effect on 1 July 1987, under the Delors Commission.

Background

The Act's signing grew from the discontent among European Community members in the 1980s about the de facto lack of free trade among them. Leaders from business and politics wanted to harmonise laws among countries and resolve policy discrepancies. A committee to analyse whether a common market was possible and what steps would be needed drew up proposals that became the Single European Act.

It was signed on the basis of a political agreement reached at the European Council held in Luxembourg on 3 December 1985.

Overview

A core element of the SEA was to create a Single Market within the EU by 1992, a date by which, it was hoped, the legislative reforms seen necessary would have been completed. In order to make this objective possible the SEA reformed the legislative process by introducing the Cooperation procedure and by extending Qualified Majority Voting to new areas. Measures were taken to shorten the legislative process. The SEA intended to remove barriers and to increase harmonisation and competitiveness among its countries.

Ratification

The SEA was subject to two referenda. One in Denmark after the Danish parliament rejected the draft treaty, and one in Ireland after the Irish Supreme Court ruled - in Crotty v. An Taoiseach - that the Irish Constitution would have to be amended before the state could ratify the treaty.

Signed In force Document

1948 1948 Brussels Treaty

1951 1952 Paris Treaty

1954 1955 Modified Brussels Treaty

1957 1958 Rome Treaties

1965 1967 Merger Treaty

1975 N/A European Council conclusion

1986 1987 Single European Act

1992 1993 Maastricht Treaty

1997 1999 Amsterdam Treaty

2001 2003 Nice Treaty

2007 2009 Lisbon Treaty

Three pillars of the European Union:

European Communities:

European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

Treaty expired in 2002

European Union (EU)

European Economic Community (EEC)

European Community (EC)

TREVI

Justice and Home Affairs (JHA)

Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC)

European Political Cooperation (EPC)

Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)

Unconsolidated bodies

Western European Union (WEU)

Treaty terminated in 2010

External links

• Text of the Single European Act
• The History of the European Union - The Single European Act
• European Navigator: The Single European Act
• [1] Election Ireland

Treaties of the European Union and related documents Legal basis Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (1957) · Treaty on European Union (1992) Main treaties Paris (1951) · Rome (1957) · Merger (1965) · Single European Act (1986) · Maastricht (1992) · Amsterdam (1997) · Nice (2001) · Lisbon (2007) Minor treaties Netherlands Antilles Association Convention (1962) · First Budgetary Treaty (1970) · Second Budgetary Treaty (1975) · 2004 Accession (2003) · 2007 Accession (2005) Abandoned treaties Defence Community (1952) · Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (2004) Declarations Schuman Declaration (1950) · Solemn Declaration (1983) · Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000) · Berlin Declaration (2007) Other documents Schengen Agreement (1985) European Union Portal